On guitars I usually play as much as I can without messing up/becoming untight, and then I do that part again until I get 2 quality takes; maybe 3, if it's a part of the song that will stick out very much.
On slower songs this can mean that I play half the song in one take, but on fast tremolopicking and chug parts, I usually record per riff, because I keep much more control over the muscles in those short bursts. I prefer not to do too much editing.
Solos I often track in sections. I don't mind minor mistakes in solos, if it makes them sound organic. If it sounds cool, it is cool.
On bass I often only need one good take, but that is because most of my bass parts aren't very complex. Just carrying the song. As long as it's tight, and picked hard, I'm happy with it.
On vocals I usually try to do the entire song in 1 take, but I always end up getting weak towards the end, so I just add 2 more overdubs for every part after a break.
What I also like to do on vocals is to record 3 styles of screams for most parts. Deep growl, mid growl, and higher scream. Gives me a choice of palette when I need it during the edit/mix, and also enables the option to underline certain words and sentences by combining them when I feel it adds to the excitement of the song.