On invention and discovery
Announcing the discovery of the site of the ancient university of Alexandria, an American newspaper says, that, among other things, it was the place where Euclid invented his theorems. Did he invent his theorems?
The distinction between invention and discovery is fairly clear. You invent something new. You discover what is already there. Columbus discovered America (as they say). James Watt invented the steam engine (to give familiar examples of the use of these words)..
Now what about the theorems of Plane Geometry?
More generally, what is Mathematics? Is it invention by man or is it something in Nature which we discover, or is it neither of these?
A mathematician of the first order creates a field. With his system of Axioms and Postulates Euclid created the field of Plane Geometry. Once a field has been created, there can be discoveries in that field. Such facts as :: the Pythagoras Theorem that the square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal in area to the sum of the squares on the other two sides; that the three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles - in short, the theorems of Plane
Geometry are discoveries in the world of Plane Geometry.
Euclidian Geometry may be viewed, at a more abstract level, as defining Euclidian space. The theorems of the familiar Plane Geometry are discoveries in this space.
The concept of a number is also an abstraction. There are no numbers in the real world. There are only objects, and number is not one of them. Have you come across a square root or an imaginary number? Once the notion of number has been defined and a number system set up (rational numbers, for example), various interesting properties of the system can be discovered. A property of the number system is that there is no last number. You can go on writing (or constructing) numbers up to infinity. And if you take out all the even numbers from the set, the set of even numbers which is half the original set, is also infinite. There is no last even number.
Clearly there are discoveries in Mathematics although they are not exactly of the same type as in Zoology, Chemistry or Botany. In these sciences we find out things that are already there in nature, though not known to us earlier. But the discoveries in Mathematics are properties and objects of a world created by man.
Are there inventions in this world? There are. Many would agree that Leibniz invented the Calculus; Galois invented Matrix Algebra - to give just two examples. Again we see that invention here is not the same as in Physics, for example. Invention, as ordinarily understood (and as it applies to invention in Physics, for example,), utilises the objects and elements of the real world to fabricate a device - a microscope, a telescope, an electric bulb, bulb, etc. Calculus is not an object. It is a technique for solving certain types of problems.
The notions of invention and discovery apply both in respect of the real world - the world of physical objects - and in the abstract world of Mathematics. How we understand them follows from the nature of these two different worlds.