The History of Metal Music 1969 - 1983
Metal began in prototype form with Black Sabbath, the blues band that shifted into heavy gothic industrial rock to express the massive dread of modern life they expounded upon through many metaphors. Their trademark occultism symbolized life in terms of the eternal and ideal, while their gritty, sensual, lawless guitar gave significance to the immediate and real. The resulting fusion of the bohemian generation with a nihilistic, dark and morbid streak birthed early metal. Those who had rejected the hippies and found no solace in social order embraced this music and lost bohemians everywhere began to find new directions in this sound.
Its influences were many: the grainy howl of primitive blues, the majestic sound shaping of classical works, and the rising anti-rock/heavy rock culture. Bands such as King Crimson/Robert Fripp, Blue Cheer, Iggy Pop and the Stooges, Link Wray, MC5, Dick Dale, Cream, The Who and Jimi Hendrix all contributed to a need for a more textural but more abstract sound in intense rock. When Black Sabbath stepped out of their rock training to write the first arguably metal, as distinct from other forms of popular music, songs, they spawned a genre which would despite a loss of its influential technique to other styles continue mutating for three decades at the time of this writing. (A great deal of influence also came from Roma guitar player Django Reinhardt, who like Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi was limited in motion to only two fingers on his fretboard hand.)
Having been thus born of the blues tradition early metal remained much within that framework, with a dual tradition existing in Black Sabbath, the proto-metal architecturalists, and Led Zeppelin, the blues-rock extravagantists who stayed within the boundaries of the rock/blues tradition. Through 1970s as the British metal bands continued to rule and even through the rise of the American speed metal bands, metal remained despite its ferocity and pummeling use of muted-strumming technique essentially more extreme creations of the original ideal, an independent journeyman blues lament to chronicle a wanderlife, updated with the nihilistic speed of industrial hardcore rock.
While the 1970s struggled to develop further the innovations in rock between 1965-1969 the influences that hit metal were the most intense bands at the time: the ecclectic but intense progressive rock emerging from Europe. In adopted styles of American bands, these musicians used classical theory to give narrative context to themes which in the popular music style, repeat through cycling short complementary phrases or riffs before going to chorus or bridging to pre-resolution. Their technique, bringing exactness to jazz and classical styles not yet fully adapted from acoustic guitar, stood in opposition to the looser jams of Led Zeppelin in that it espoused structure over improvisation and was often played in near replica of the album recording.
As metal grew in the middle 1970s, its fragmented nature brought it both commercial success and hilarity as a retarded younger brother to rock. The blues side merged with late model progressive rock and became stadium metal, which brought metal to its highest popularity ever but degraded the authentic nature of the material as its focus dissolved into hedonism, technicality and showmanship. While acts like Judas Priest, Iron Maiden and Motorhead represented metal as a public innovation, the more obscure and threatening NWOBHM bands arose with the subgenre in the 1970s to oppose commercial slickness with direct and primal music. Angel Witch and Diamond Head and eventually Venom tore technique to its basics to get to the ballad-meets-firefight balance of rebel music.
When hardcore punk grew out of nowhere to become the most radiant overturning of values in popular culture, metal faded in the public eye as its excess failed to bring corresponding extremities and, as was found in extreme hardcore music, dissident ideologies which were more pragmatic than whining antipathy or indulgence. Anarchy, anti-authoritarianism, nihilism and alienation came pouring through this music and with it came an ideology of dissidence and independent action. The Exploited, Discharge and the Misfits stunned the world awake to artistic withdrawl and post-social thinking. Metal converged for the attack. (Hardcore was a subset of punk, which between roughly 1965 and 1974 was simple 1950s rock played by garage bands before the genre solidified in aesthetic as opposition music, producing an underground ultra-minimalist version which removed the "rock" from punk to make finely nihilistic music. Tracking the origin of this genre is difficult, as for many it is rock played with power chords to a basic tempo, but Mötorhead, The Ramones and The Stooges deserve mention.)
The initial lunge of proto-post-"heavy metal" metal, via thrash and speed metal arising simultaneously in hybrid form of metal/hardcore, seemed at the time and remains abruptly adolescent yet resoundingly honest. Its unresolved questions and finite tolerance for the dualism of social and personal truth gave this movement inertia even into the commercial realm, which was for the most part unexplored until Metallica gave the go-ahead with 1992's "Metallica." At its inception a genre of palm-muted, Morse-codish riffs and epic song structures the speed metal of the 1980s held out until the 1990s before being absorbed into groove-addicted Pantera or Prong clones, open melody bouncing hard rock like Metallica, or the same indulgent, ornate, inconclusive self-gratification that bore metal into avalanche under its own weight in the 1970s.
The tendency in speed metal to use progressive stylings and structures within savagery, and ethic of finding more in life than rejection (many metalheads of the day saw punk as fatalistic and ineffective, while punks would call metalheads elitists) and gory more than political imagery merged with the fast and elemental riffing of thrash bands to set the stage for a new style to emerge. In 1984, metal would begin another branching process: fast bands like Slayer, percussive bands like Exodus, grinding bands like Possessed and bizarre poetic and minimalist offerings diversely spread between Sodom, Nuclear Assault, Bathory and Celtic Frost. This gave rise in the mid-1980s to a condition where aboveground bands like Megadeth or Testament played to large crowds as death/speed metal hybrids like Destruction, Kreator and Rigor Mortis laid the groundwork for the renaissance of death metal. These genres in turn would fulfill the promise of thrash and separate metal from the mainstream for purposes of its independent development.
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