[These are] based upon, and we can choose our vocabulary with great freedom, but I’ll start with a very traditional one: spontaneous order, spontaneous organization, self-organization, emergence, auto-catalysis, catallaxy in economics. And everyone knows this stuff – it’s occasionally critiqued precisely because of its continuity. We saw it in the early Nineties, where I first started really picking up on this type of thing – that there was an overt ideological thesis, that was at that time called the “Californian Ideology”.
Now, I mean, I’m probably going back into people’s influences at this point, so I apologize for that, but this was really provoked by certain things, and I would say a very key individual in this case was Kevin Kelly, who wrote a book that was, I think, quite influential, called “Out of Control”. Well, he was joining very explicitly a set of analogies across a whole bunch of fields, and he was inspired by research conducted at the Santa Fe Institute, which is still doing very interesting work on complex systems today.
But it certainly included market economies, very explicitly on one end, and problems in fractical, computational research at the other end. Some other good examples would be things like Stuart Kauffman and his ability to generate almost totally randomized circuits, or distributed robotics stuff, which really comes from just bolting together very simple robot components and actually getting computative, emerging behavior out of that.