Just some basic things to do:
- Truss rod
- New strings
- Action (string height)
- Intonation (relative tuning)
1) Truss rod
With it, you adjust how much bow it has:
Back-bow |(
Up-bow |)
Too much back-bow, and the strings will hit the fretboard at around the 12th fret, creating string buzz and lowering sustain. Too much up bow makes the guitar harder to play, just like too high action. In extremes, it can also crack the neck.
You adjust the truss (usually) from below the nut. On some guitars, you adjust it from near the pickups. Be careful with the adjustment, and only make 1/8 of a turn per day. Let the neck settle overnight before making another 1/8 turn. How much is an 1/8 turn? Think of it as a clock. 1/4 turn = 15 minutes, so 1/8 turn is halfway between noon and 15 minutes to/past. You can check the amount by watching the neck with your eye next to the pickups and watching towards the tuners. See how it looks like, is it dropping down in the center (up-bow), or arcing like a bridge (back-bow)? Check google for which way to turn the rod in your guitar, as it changes between various guitar types.
2) New strings
The lower you tune, the thicker the strings should be to retain the same feel. Going from E standard to drop A, you should increase the string thickness by 2 "steps" at least. For example, if you use a .010 set in E standard, then you should use a .012 set in drop A.
3) Action
This is for adjusting how high the strings are from the fretboard. The higher up they are, the harder you have to press. The lower they are, the "faster" the action is - but the downside is increased string buzz (that extra scraping sound). Adjust the action to your feel, but only as low as you can without string buzz. If the string buzz only happens in the first few frets, then you have to adjust the nut of the guitar (the straight bar where all the strings end, before the tuners). That one is much more difficult to do, and usually requires you to change the nut completely, or do some creative things.
4) Intonation
This is quite simply just adjusting each string from the bridge (hex key or screwdriver, depends on the bridge), so that the pressed 12th fret (use a tuner for accurate adjustment, preferrably a very accurate tuner) plays in the same relative tuning as a natural harmonic from the 12th fret (lay your finger on the string at exactly the 12th fret, but don't press it down. Play the string). The point is to make your guitar be in tune with itself when you play in the higher frets (leads with rhythm).