For most of
European history, marriage was more or less a business agreement between two families who arranged the marriages of their children. Romantic love, and even simple affection, were not considered essential.
[18] Historically, the perceived necessity of marriage has been stressed.
[19]
In
Ancient Greece, no specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage - only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly.
[20] Men usually married when they were in their 20s or 30s
[21] and expected their wives to be in their early teens.
Like with the Greeks,
Roman marriage and divorce required no specific government or religious approval.
[19] Both marriage and divorce could happen by simple mutual agreement.
[19] There were several types of marriages in Roman society. A law in the
Theodosian Code (
C. Th. 9.7.3) issued in 342 CE prohibited same-sex marriage, but the exact intent of the law and its relation to social practice is unclear,
as only a few examples of same-sex marriage in ancient Rome exist.
[25] <--(ah hah, they existed!)
From the
early Christian era (30 to 325 CE), marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no religious or other ceremony being required. Until 1545, Christian marriages in
Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties.
[26][27] The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required.
[28]
As part of the
Counter-Reformation, in 1545 the
Council of Trent decreed that a
Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The Council also authorized a
Catechism, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as, "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life."
[31] This change did not extend to the regions affected by the
Protestant Reformation, where marriage by consent continued to be the norm. As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state. By the 1600s many of the
Protestant European countries had a state involvement in marriage.