We aren't yet capable of showing that races are far more different than appearance alone scientifically, at least without extensive and certainly extremely expensive research -- which society isn't going to fund, due to its steadfast taboos.
But, we don't need to absolutely prove the differences scientifically as you seem to suggest -- there are other ways of rationally observing these differences. Behavioral study, cultural study, history, psychology, observation of other mammal species, and basic logical reasoning: all easily point to the conclusion that race runs far deeper than appearance -- far deeper than physical performance: but runs through every aspect of innate human nature, mental as well as physical.
Exactly! We spend a staggering amount of time here questioning even the most obvious phenomena, simply because we cannot find some precise scientific/genetic explanation to support what everyone can see, if only they open their eyes and/or minds. Sometimes, we are too analytically minded for our own worldly good.
Nevertheless, the ongoing Genome project continues to reveal a wealth of incontrovertible evidence of genetic differences between the races. Among these are various racially-unique manifestations of disease and general health issues that cannot be explained away with the typical pablum about "poverty" "access to healthcare," etc.
Of course matters of intellectual capacity measurement(IQ) and similar metrics utilized to determine acedemic aptitude and fitness, continue to show clear, consistent and considerable differences between the races, and have for a century. Despite the often deceptive efforts to distort or dismiss these findings, they remain consistent worldwide, across economic lines, regardless of cultural background, etc. Such tests clearly provide the most simple and obvious explanation of why the races continue to either thrive or struggle in the great competition for natural excellence.
Year upon year, American acedemia twists its collective self into knots or concocts the most outlandish nonsense to explain why these so-called acedemic "achievement gaps" persist. I suppose we can, nay must all pretend not to see what should be obvious to any thinking person, lest we be considered "insensitive, intolerant" or some similar modern moral infraction.
Evidently, it is that much more righteous to force some students to meet standards that for all intents and purposes, they cannot. Then we can choose to either lower the standards overall, continue to excuse failure by blaming everything but the most readily identifiable rationale, or simply pretending we just can't figure out why this gap persists one way or the other - the latter being one of the more popular tactics today.
This is a peculiar and pernicious brand of morality as preached from the pulpit of political correctness...but anything is preferable to reality, if in fact that reality will poke even a small hole in the equality myth-foundation upon which the whole of western liberal 'civilization' now rests.
That's as ridiculous as "I'm proud, I was born with teeth," lol. I don't see how anyone can be proud of their race, it's incidental.
No reason it shouldn't be called 'race' when it's a group difference in appearance as you suggest - but in order for the concept of 'seperate races are important' to be taken seriously I think far more substantial differences than external appearance should be demonstrated. The link I posted before goes some way to arguing this reasonably, I'll have a go at digesting some more of it before I post more here