These slipped through, this stuff is fun to talk about. Plus I've been reading up a bit.
There is the Bible itself. As written it is not a book that any group can gain a personal advantage with. Dont ignore the as written. It protects itself from misuse. This is not the characteristic of a man-made religious text. What I lack to drive this point further is knowledge of other religious texts
One needs to look into the sources, biblical writers had strong biases and motivations for writing much of the Deuteronomistic history (Deuteronomy through Kings) is written with a huge bias against the Northern kingdom of Israel, is really big on Judah, the benefits of monarchy and the perils of lesser governmental systems (ie. judges), the importance of the temple in Jerusalem over other lesser temples, Joshua is the second coming of Moses, the legitimacy of the Davidic line of kings over the kings of Israel, etc. There were political gains to be made by having (say) ones line of descent linked with popular and powerful historical/folkloric characters and legends.
I have heard many claims that the Bible has a track record of historical and geographical accuracy, and has been cited as possibly the most accurate ancient text. I know this doesnt prove its claims, but if it can be trusted in things we can verify, it lends credibility to the possibility that it is accurate in other ways. But I need to look into this a lot more. You guys have said it has been shown inaccurate in these areas, so I need to look into that.
The easy ones are false etymologies; these demonstrate the problems with historical inaccuracies in the bible on a simple level. Look at the naming of Moses pharaohs daughter names him this because she pulled him from the water, according to Exodus 2:10 (the Hebrew for Moses is similar to the Hebrew word for to draw from the water a common theme in the bible is naming people after events associated with their birth, see Isaac [to laugh] and Adam [from adamah, meaning earth]). But why would pharaohs daughter, an *Egyptian*, name this random child she found after a Hebrew phrase? The etymologies given by the bible are rarely historically accurate, they are folk etymologies.
As for the archaeologically related stuff: these claims were probably made by someone who has read the arguments made by Albright without looking at the rebuttals. Overview:
The Albright theory is based around the Merneptah stele, a big rock that indicates an Israelite presence in Canaan around 1220 BCE. Albright adds the 400 years of exile indicated by Genesis 15:13 to get us to ~1600 BCE (the middle bronze age) as the date for the events of the ancestral narratives (Abraham and friends). The evidence found by Albright here was:
1. Names - basically names in languages cognate to Hebrew existed in the middle bronze age.
2. Customs based on the Nuzi texts, customs described in the bible existed in the middle bronze age.
3. Ancestral lifestyle certain tomb paintings depict a nomadic lifestyle in this era, and Egyptian execration texts say the land of the biblical wandering was sparsely populates (and thus well suited for a nomadic lifestyle).
The rebuttal led by Thompson (1974):
1. These names were not restricted to nor especially frequent in the middle bronze age.
2. The Nuzi texts arent from a Semitic culture and dont parallel biblical customs all that closely (look it up).
3. The clothing in the cited tomb paintings suggest the depictions are of the Arabian peninsula, not Canaan, and the areas mentioned werent sparsely populated solely in the middle bronze age.
Albrights dating also introduces anachronisms Philistines werent present in the area during the middle bronze age, and several settlements (eg. Beer-Sheba) werent occupied in the middle bronze age.
You can also look at Joshua. Twenty of the towns mentioned as conquered during the 13th century BCE (still going by Merneptah stele dating) have been excavated, and only six of were both occupied and destroyed during this century. Two of those six have been discovered to have been conquered and destroyed not by Israelites, but Philistines. Also the well-known account of the destruction of the walls of Jericho is historically problematic; archeological evidence dates this event to 1550 BCE.
Principle source:
Coogan.